"70 million Americans have a criminal record — that’s one in three adults."
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Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo claimed one in three adults in the U.S. has a criminal record. (Courtesy: Cuomo's Flickr page)
How many U.S. adults have a criminal record? Depends on how you define it
Gov. Andrew Cuomo wants businesses in New York state to hire more applicants with a criminal record. They become loyal employees and bring tax benefits, he said. And, they make up a huge pool of prospective employees.
"70 million Americans have a criminal record — that’s one in three adults," Cuomo wrote in an article on career website LinkedIn.
People with a criminal record number too many for employers to pass over because of unsubstantiated fears of workplace violence, theft or incompetence, he said.
But is the number as high as he said? Does one in every three adults have a criminal record?
The FBI’s definition of criminal record
The FBI considers anyone who has been arrested on a felony charge to have a criminal record, even if the arrest did not lead to a conviction. The FBI only counts those with a misdemeanor if a state agency asks the bureau to keep it on file.
So by the FBI’s standard, 73.5 million people in the United States had a criminal record as of June 30.
The Census Bureau lists the adult population in the United States at 249.4 million. That means the FBI considers about 29.5 percent of adults to have a criminal record.
Cuomo’s statement
Cuomo did not make any distinction between convictions and arrests in his article. He just used the term 'criminal record' without defining it.
Featured Fact-check
The meaning of criminal record can be ambiguous. A search on the internet will tell you a criminal record is a history of someone’s convictions, a step beyond the FBI’s definition.
"When I teach my classes and I talk to my students about this, I tell them the term criminal record is almost useless," said Robert Brame, a professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina.
"It could mean so many different things," Brame said. "Are you talking about conviction record, arrest record, juvenile record?"
In most cases, arrests shouldn't show up on pre-employment checks, said Michelle Rodriguez, a senior staff attorney at the National Employment Law Project.
"But there's still mistakes that happen in background check reports so there is a possibility that something could show up," Rodriguez said.
There is no federal data on the number of people with a criminal conviction living in the U.S.
The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics does have an estimate for how many people were under correctional supervision in 2015. The bureau reported 6.7 million adults either incarcerated or on parole or probation. That’s close to three out of every 100 adults.
Our ruling
Cuomo said "70 million Americans have a criminal record — that’s one in three adults."
By the FBI definition, that is correct. But the term ‘criminal record’ is ambiguous, and the FBI definition is different from the common-sense definition. His claim may have been interpreted by some to mean one-third of adults have a criminal conviction. That’s not true.
His statement leaves out how he defines criminal record, an important detail. We rate it Half True.
PolitiFact Rating: 
Our Sources
"Employers are often unwilling to hire someone convicted of a crime. That's a problem — and it needs to change." July 18, 2017, LinkedIn article by Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo and Jostein Solheim, CEO of Ben & Jerry’s
Email conversation with Richard Azzopardi, Cuomo spokesperson
"Governor Cuomo Launches Work for Success Pledge to Encourage Businesses to Hire Qualified Individuals with Criminal Convictions", July 18, 2017
"Governor Cuomo Announces "Work for Success" Employment Initiative for the Formerly Incarcerated", Feb. 17, 2012
National Institute of Corrections Data by State
Email conversation with FBI Spokesperson Stephen Fischer
Phone conversation with Robert Brame, a professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina
"Cumulative Prevalence of Arrest From Ages 8 to 23 in a National Sample", 2012, Robert Brame, Michael G. Turner, Raymond Paternoster, Shawn D. Bushway
FBI data on national criminal records obtained from Fischer
Population data obtained using American FactFinder from the U.S. Census Bureau
Interview with Michelle Rodriguez, senior staff attorney at the National Employment Law Project
Number of people with a bachelor’s degree or higher obtained using American FactFinder from the U.S. Census Bureau
Email and phone conversation with Janine Kava, Director of Public Information and the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
"Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2006 – Statistical Tables", 2009, Bureau of Justice Statistics
"Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001", 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics
Data on the population under correctional supervision from the Bureau of Justice Statistics
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How many U.S. adults have a criminal record? Depends on how you define it
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