Tren de Aragua: What we know about the Venezuelan gang Donald Trump promised to deport

Former President Donald Trump’s 2024 presidential campaign has stoked fear about what he calls "migrant crime," despite a nearly 50-year low in violent crime and studies showing that immigrants commit crimes at lower rates than U.S. citizens. Approaching Election Day, Trump has zeroed in on one group — the Tren de Aragua Venezuelan prison gang. 

Trump has falsely claimed the gang has taken over cities including Aurora, Colorado, and he has promised a mass deportation of its members using an 18th century law.

"Aurora probably is an even worse situation. You have the meanest, worst gang from Venezuela in the world, probably maybe as bad or worse than MS-13, and they've literally taken over the town," Trump said in an Oct. 29 speech. "They've taken over large sections of the town. They've gone into the real estate business. They've taken over apartment complex. They took over a number of complexes." La Mara Salvatrucha, aka MS-13, is a gang composed primarily of immigrants or descendants of immigrants from El Salvador, according to the U.S. Justice Department.

Local law enforcement agencies around the U.S. have arrested Tren de Aragua members and charged them with crimes including murder, theft and weapon offenses. But officials have also disputed characterizations that the gang is taking over cities. 

Immigration officials have tracked Tren de Aragua gang member apprehensions at the U.S. border and found that four other groups, including MS-13, had more members apprehended there than Tren de Aragua had in fiscal year 2024, which ended Sept. 30. 

David Pyrooz, a University of Colorado, Boulder professor and gang expert, said without minimizing the crimes Tren de Aragua members are accused of committing, the gang has become a "boogeyman." 

Pyrooz said gang violence has existed in the U.S. for more than a century and that Tren de Aragua's crimes are "a drop in the bucket when it comes to the overall amount of gang violence and overall violence that occurs in this country." 

Tren de Aragua "is this election cycle’s MS-13," he said, referring to Trump’s comments about that gang during his administration and the 2018 midterm elections. 

Information about Tren de Aragua members in the U.S. is sparse, which makes the gang a fertile topic for inspiring hard-to-verify claims, he said.

InSight Crime, a think tank focused on crime and security in the Americas, said in an October report that "the gang’s reputation appears to have grown more quickly than its actual presence in the United States."

Here’s what we know about the organization’s origins and what we can and can’t say about its U.S. presence.

Tren de Aragua is Spanish for "Train of Aragua." The gang started some time between 2013 and 2015 in Tocorón, a prison in the Venezuelan state of Aragua, according to Transparencia Venezuela, an anti-corruption nonprofit organization. The group asserted its power within the prison, building a dance club, restaurants and a zoo inside, according to the BBC.

In its first few years, the gang stayed within Venezuela, expanding its reach to different states. Its criminal portfolio then included kidnappings, extortions and theft, InSight Crime reported in July.

Around 2018, the group began expanding internationally. A mass exodus was beginning in Venezuela then, with people fleeing the country because of an economic and humanitarian crisis. Capitalizing on the situation, Tren de Aragua established itself at the Venezuela-Colombia border.

"Tren de Aragua began to systematically exploit Venezuelan migrants, charging them money and clandestinely taking them to Colombia," InSight Crime wrote. "They began taking control of various nodes of the human trafficking market with the objective of sexual exploitation."

Now, Tren de Aragua has established networks in Colombia, Peru and Chile, and is reportedly present in Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. In September 2023, Ronna Risquez, a Venezuelan investigative journalist who published a book about Tren de Aragua, said there were collectively more than 3,000 Tren de Aragua members in the countries it operates in. 

Venezuelan immigrants have often been the group’s main victims, Risquez said in an Oct. 7 Univision podcast. 

In September 2023, thousands of Venezuelan police officers and military members executed a raid in Tocorón, seeking to regain control of the prison. Tren de Aragua’s leader, Héctor Rustherford Guerrero Flores, who uses the alias "Niño Guerrero," had been imprisoned at Tocorón. But he escaped during the raid, and now his location is unknown, according to InSight Crime.

For months Trump has claimed, without evidence, that countries such as Venezuela are emptying prisons and sending their criminals to the U.S. Risquez said in the podcast that the claim is unsubstantiated, adding that Venezuela has no such policy.  

Information about Tren de Aragua’s presence in the U.S. is increasing, but its scope is limited. What we know comes mainly from law enforcement officials and news reports. 

The New York Times, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Department of Homeland Security said federal officials have worked on 100 investigations related to the gang this year. Nationwide, officers have made more than 50 arrests. News reports show local law enforcement has arrested Tren de Aragua members in several U.S. states, including Texas, Colorado and New York. 

New York City Police Department Chief John Chell told WNBC-TV on Oct. 23 that the department has identified 40 Tren de Aragua members in the city, and he said there are likely more. Police in Aurora, Colorado, said in a Sept. 26 statement that the department had identified 10 Tren de Aragua members in the city. 

But Pyrooz said there is no clear information about how many Tren de Aragua members are in the U.S. or how organized they are.

Risquez said in the podcast that there is clearly a presence of Tren de Aragua members in the U.S. given local law enforcement reports. But that isn’t the same as the gang having an official U.S. operation, she said.

For example, it’s unclear whether gang members who have committed crimes are doing so as part of a coordinated group effort; "or if it's more of an opportunistic, fleeting pursuit of a criminal opportunity of certain members of this group," Pyrooz said.

According to The New York Times, the New York City Police Department is working to create a profile of the gang’s operations in the city, including its recruitment tactics in migrant shelters and its communication via WhatsApp groups. The department says Tren de Aragua has been involved mainly in criminal thefts and dealing Tusi, a synthetic drug. 

U.S. Customs and Border Protection began tracking Tren de Aragua apprehensions at U.S. borders in March 2023. From then through September 2023, the agency apprehended people affiliated with the gang 41 times. In fiscal year 2024, which ended Sept. 30, the agency reported 27 apprehensions. 

People identified at the border as gang members are detained by immigration officials or referred for criminal prosecution, the White House said in a July statement. 

NBC News reported Oct. 23 that the Department of Homeland Security had identified 600 people nationwide who might have ties to Tren de Aragua. Of those, 100 were confirmed members.

Because of fraught diplomatic relations with the U.S., Venezuela doesn’t share its intelligence or criminal records. This makes it difficult for U.S. immigration authorities and law enforcement to confirm whether someone is a Tren de Aragua member, an October InSight crime report said. 

Pyrooz said more information about Tren de Aragua is necessary to better assess  the gang’s power in the United States and elsewhere. Particularly important, he said, would be knowing how many members are in the U.S.; whether different sects of the group have established themselves around the country and whether they’re coordinating with one another; and what crimes the group is involved in. 

On July 11, the Treasury Department designated Tren de Aragua as a significant transnational criminal organization. The designation enables the U.S. government to block the group’s assets in the U.S. That same day, the State and Justice departments announced a reward of up to $12 million for information leading to the arrests or convictions of three Tren de Aragua leaders.