"More lives are lost from violence against women, sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, suicide, egregious maternal mortality, and other sex-linked causes than were lost during all of the wars and civil strife of the 20th century."
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Emma Watson: More lives are lost due to gender discrimination than in all 20th century wars
Violence against women resulted in more deaths than all the wars and conflicts of the past century combined, according to actress Emma Watson.
As part of her work as an United Nations Women Goodwill ambassador, Watson recently launched a feminist book club, Our Shared Self, and spoke with feminist icon Gloria Steinem in London. Beyond revelations about Watson’s similarity to Hermione, her new hairdo and her research into female sexual pleasure, the Harry Potter star also shared a statistic that "blindsided" her from the book, Sex & World Peace. ("The two things we want, right?" quipped Steinem.)
"There are now 101.3 men to every 100 women on the planet. So women are no longer half of humanity," Watson said on Feb. 24. "I’m quoting the book here but it says, ‘More lives are lost from violence against women, sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, suicide, egregious maternal mortality, and other sex-linked causes than were lost during all of the wars and civil strife of 20th century.’ "
"So from this perspective," she continued, "The greatest security dilemma then is systematic, social devaluation of female life. I’d never come across a statistic like this. I had not understood that we were literally affecting the balance of the population of the world."
That’s a startling statistic, and we wondered if it was grounded in fact.
Looking at the available data, Watson has a point that the devaluation of female life leads to a staggering amount of lost lives. However, it’s not clear that those lost lives are higher than the number of war and conflict deaths in the 20th century. The numbers are comparable, but some estimates find the number of war deaths as slightly higher.
The comparison
We didn’t hear back from Watson or UN Women, but we did speak with Sex & World Peace’s author, Valerie Hudson, who’s a professor of international affairs at Texas A&M University.
Hudson walked us through how she crunched the numbers and shared a chart from her 2009 study comparing the deaths due to conflict and deaths due to sex-selective causes:
Hudson told us she tallied up the death tolls of 53 wars, conflicts and authoritarian regimes for a total of 152.75 million lives.
She then compared that number to the number of "missing women." This concept, developed by Nobel-winning economist and philosopher Amartya Sen in 1990s, uses abnormal male-to-female ratios to determine how many women would be alive in a specific year or time period if they weren’t aborted, neglected or victims of inequality.
For example, in 2005, the sex ratio in India was 107.5 males per 100 females. The normal sex ratio for a stable population is about 98 to 100.3 males per 100 females. (Women tend to live longer under equal circumstances.)
This means that there was a 6.7 percent to 9 percent shortfall in India’s female population, equal to roughly 36 million to 49 million missing women.
Hudson used the UN Population Fund’s estimate of 163 million missing women in Asia in 2005 — 10 million more than lives lost to 20th century conflicts.
But these figures aren’t the only estimates out there.
Conflict deaths
Let’s state off the bat that there are many difficulties with tallying up both how many women should exist but don’t, as well as how many lives were lost in all of the last century’s civil strife and wars. Any estimate of missing women only works on the assumption that the skewed sex ratio is a result of discrimination. Similarly, while the specific number of casualties in World War I or under Khmer Rouge are reported, estimates for deaths in little-known conflicts like the one between Islamic separatists in the Philippines and the government are murky or nonexistent.
That being said, the estimates we found besides Hudson’s do not show female deaths eclipsing the conflict death of the 20th century. Nonetheless, the numbers for sex-linked deaths are still considerable.
Hudson’s number for conflict deaths (153 million) is a bit low. Most other tallies pin the total death toll somewhere around 200 million:
Source
Death toll
At least 169.2 million*
203 million
170 million
225.5 to 237.5 million
203 million
Average
201.9 million
(*We did not include Rummel’s 169.2 million estimate in calculating the average, because the figure refers only to democides, or government-inflicted deaths, and does not include war casualties or famines associated with regime mismanagement.)
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Hudson’s missing women figure, meanwhile, appears to be an outlier when compared to other estimates:
Source
Number of missing women
Year
150 million worldwide
2035
126 million worldwide
2010
117 million worldwide
2010
86 million in China, India and sub-Saharan Africa
2000s
UN Population Fund, 2005 (Hudson’s source)
163 million worldwide in Asia
2005
67 million to 92 million in 8 Asian countries
2001
102 million to 113 million worldwide
1990s
65 million to 107 million worldwide
1990s
The war on women
Experts we spoke with expressed the toll of gendercide with more tempered, and more accurate, comparisons than Hudson’s and Watson’s.
"The number of missing females is undoubtedly of a larger order than recent demographic catastrophes such as World War II, the Chinese Famine, the HIV-aids epidemics, etc.," said Christophe Guilmoto, a demographer and author of several UN reports on the issue.
"There are more missing women today than died in the two World Wars of the 20th century," said Stephan Klasen, a professor of development economics at the University of Göttingen.
While none of the missing women estimates top the 20th century’s conflict death toll, they’re a "stock measure," which quantifies the impact of gender inequality in survival for generations that are currently alive, according to Klasen.
"(A missing women estimate) does not count those women and girls who died from discrimination decades ago and would have, by now, died from other causes," Klasen said.
If you tallied up all the missing women of the 20th century, "the number would be well over 200 million," said Siwan Anderson, a University of British Columbia professor who specializes in development and gender economics.
Since the 1970s, the number of missing women has risen and is expected to peak in 2035. There are no signs that skewed sex ratios have normalized even as we’ve normalized violence against women, Hudson told us.
"We silo it off as ‘stuff that happens between men and women’ and do not count it as ‘stuff that happens to human beings," she said. "What an incredible level of impunity for a crime committed against a human being, just because that human being has two X chromosomes."
Our ruling
Watson said, "More lives are lost from violence against women, sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, suicide, egregious maternal mortality, and other sex-linked causes than were lost during all of the wars and civil strife of 20th century."
The claim comes from the book Sex and World Peace by Valerie Hudson, who was citing a UN figure of 163 million missing women in 2005. That’s 10 million more than her estimate of lives lost in all of last century’s strife, 153 million.
But this is using a high estimate for the first measure and a low estimate for the second. The number of sex-related deaths, which varies from year to year, typically falls within 100 million to 130 million range. The number of deaths due to war, according to most other estimates, is about 200 million. Both numbers are disturbingly high, but it’s not clear that one is definitively higher than the other.
With this caveat, we rate Watson’s claim Half True.
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Our Sources
Our Shred Self, "Gloria Steinem and Emma Watson in Conversation," Feb. 29, 2016
Valerie Hudson, Sex & World Peace, 2012
Email interviews with Valerie Hudson, professor of international affairs at Texas A&M University, March 3-8, 2016
International Security, "The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States," 2009
New York Review of Books, "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing," Dec. 20, 1990
United Nations Population Fund, "Sex-ratio imbalance in Asia: Trends, consequences and policy responses,"
Rudolph J. Rummel, Death by Government, 2011
Necrometrics, Estimated Totals for the Entire 20th Century, September 2010
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century, 2010
Milton Leitenberg, "Deaths in Wars and Conflicts in the 20th Century," 2006
Law and Contemporary Problems, "SEARCHING FOR PEACE AND ACHIEVING JUSTICE: THE NEED FOR ACCOUNTABILITY," 1997
Population and Development Review, "How many more missing women? Excess female mortality and prenatal sex selection, 1970-2050"
United Nations Population Fund, "Sex Imbalance at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications," 2012
PNAS, "Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences," July 17, 2006
Review of Economic Studies, "Missing Women: Age and Disease," 2010
Feminist Economics, "‘MISSING WOMEN’: REVISITING THE DEBATE," 2003
Population and Development Review, "A Turning Point in Gender Bias in Mortality?," 2001
Email interview with Christophe Guilmoto, demographer at Ceped, March 9, 2016
Email interview with Stephan Klasen, professor of development economics at the University of Göttingen, March 9, 2016
Email interview with Siwan Anderson, professor of economics at the University of British Columbia, March 9, 2016
Amartya Sen, "Missing women—revisited," Dec. 6, 2003
Siwan Anderson and Debraj Ray, "The Age Distribution of Missing Women in India," 2012
BBC World Service, "Killed for Being Female?" April 28, 2014
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Emma Watson: More lives are lost due to gender discrimination than in all 20th century wars
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